Transfer from one to another while the other one is broken

If you were backing up your old iPhone to iCloud, you can set up your new iPhone from your most recent iCloud backup. If you weren't backing up, you can't.

See how here --> Use iCloud to transfer data from your previous iOS or iPadOS device to your new iPhone, iPad, or iPod touch - Apple Support

Backups MUST happen before something unfortunate happens. Hopefully, you were backing up your old iPhone.

Unfortunately, you are correct. There is no way to directly transfer data to a new phone from a non-working phone.

But, if the data on your old phone was valuable to you, surely you have a recent backup of the old phone on iCloud or a computer that you can use to transfer data from the old phone to your new phone, correct?