How to retrieve removed Home Screen apps on my iPhone

Make sure you haven't misplaced it. Swipe down on the home screen and enter the app name in the search field.

If you're running IOS 14 make sure it isn't in your App Library:

Organize the Home Screen and App Library on your iPhone [iOS14] - Organize the Home Screen and App Library on your iPhone - Apple Support

Is it an app you may have deleted? Read this document:

Delete [and restore] built-in Apple apps on your [iOS] device or Apple Watch - including a list of which ones can be deleted.

Click here --> Delete built-in Apple apps on your iOS 12, iOS 13, or iPadOS device or Apple Watch - Apple Support

Some apps cannot be deleted but may be missing if disabled with parental controls or ScreenTime as in this topic: How do I reinstall my App Store and camer… - Apple Community

Use parental controls on your child's iPhone, iPad, and iPod touch - Use parental controls on your child's iPhone and iPad - Apple Support

ScreenTime - Use Screen Time on your iPhone or iPad - Apple Support

Settings > Screentime > Content & Privacy Restrictions > iTunes and App Purchases

Did you simply hide the problem apps so they are not visible, or did you completely delete them from your device?

The easiest solution might be to go into there App Store app, and simply download again for the missing items. If they have been completely removed from your device (showing as a cloud with download arrow) this will be the only solution anyway. If you have removed some of the apps which are part of iOS you should be able to search them in App Store and re-install. Just be cautious to make sure you pick a genuine Apple app, and not a look-alike scam app from a different provider.

Redownload them from the App Store. There is nothing that will tell you which apps you have deleted.

Redownload apps and games from the App Store - Apple Support