Change Color Wheel Palette in Numbers

That is an Excel palette from an imported Excel document. I've not found a way to modify the palette but perhaps what you can do is import a blank Excel file with this palette and save it as a template in Numbers. Use that template for new documents. Note: I do not have the latest version of Numbers so I do not know if they recent;y added the capability to modify the palette.

Depending on how Excel-like vs Numbers-like you want it, you may want to make other formatting changes and overwrite some of the table and chart styles before saving; things like changing the default table and chart fonts to what Numbers usually uses, removing the Excel border around the chart(s) (if you have a recent version of Numbers that can do this) and the chart background, and who knows what else. If you forget something, you can make changes to a new document based on the template and save it as a template again.

I usually only use one table style (the default one at top left). One way to make all the changes to it so it is Numbers-like is to copy/paste a table from a native Numbers document then redefine the top left table style from that table. I imagine you can do the same thing to the top left chart style. You may want to change the table header colors to something from the Excel palette before redefining it as the default style.