iCloud restore incomplete without all apps, Home Screen layout, and all email accounts

Were you syncing to iCloud Photos? It sounds more like the person at Verizon signed you into iCloud but didn't use your backup to restore. You should be able to see the backup at settings > Apple ID > iCloud > iCloud backup. Your device backups will be listed. You can restore from the backup if it is listed there.

First, you'll need to reset the device and erase the contents. These steps: What to do before you sell, give away, or trade in your iPhone or iPad - Apple Support

Then, set it up using the iCloud backup of your old device.

iCloud on iOS Said:

"iCloud restore incomplete without all apps, Home Screen layout, and all email accounts: I’ve had iCloud backup for years for my family’s many iPhones, iPads, and MacBooks. Yesterday, my iPhone 15 was stolen (no expectation of getting it back). [...]The Verizon guy had said it would take hours[...]How can I get my previous iPhone’s iCloud backup with all apps, Home Screen layout, and all email accounts onto this new iPhone?"

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Use Quick Start:

If you had an iPhone, you use Quick Start, which is a service provided by Apple for transferring to a new iPhone. So, Force Restart your iPhone, and then try using Quick Start. Before you transfer, take a screenshot of each Home Screen, prior to the transfer. See if you can take this to Apple on AASP (Apple Authorized Service Provider). Find one here: Find Authorized repair and service locations. If you don't have anything backups to go by, then it'd all be by memory.

charlesloy Said:

"That answer implies that iCloud backup doesn’t retain Home Screen layouts, when I know that previous migrations from old to new device have duplicated Home Screen layouts. This 'screenshot'manual suggestion is unhelpful, because I explicitly said the previous phone was stolen and I don’t expect to get it back."

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As I said: If you don't have anything backups to go by, then it'd all be by memory.