Was your debit card issued by a bank?
Did you buy a prepaid debit card in a store?
Apple doesn't accept many prepaid debit cards.
You usually need a functioning payment method for your account. Even to download free apps, to re-download or to update apps.
You can find the acceptable payment methods for your country here;
Payment methods that you can use with your Apple ID - Apple Support
M1 Mac mini, macOS 14.6.1; Watch, series 7 GPS/cellular, watchOS 10.6; iPhone 12 Pro, iOS 17.6.1; TV 4th Gen, tvOS 17.6; HomePods, audioOS 17.6 and Airport Express w/ Airplay 2