can’t get my photos back

• If you used iCloud Photos, you will have access to all photos depending on storage space available for iCloud. Once you run out of space, no photos will be synced to iCloud, so you would be out of luck. With the new phone, only the photos that were able to be synced will show up on your device. Since your old phone is damaged, even adding more iCloud Storage space is not going to allow the phone to sync the remaining photos.
• If you do not use iCloud Photos, then all of the pictures are stored in your iCloud backup. If your iCloud storage gets full, then your phone will no longer perform backups and any new photos you take will not be backed up. You would only have access to the photos that were in your last backup. Adding more storage space to iCloud now is not going to allow the broken iPhone to perform a backup where you would have access to those photos.

If you neither synced nor backed up your photos, they are gone.