It’s the photos app. I’ve had things like background app refresh, dictation and location turned off for years. I have about five (non Apple) apps installed (no social media or entertainment type) and I use my iPhone 15 Pro primarily for talk and text which never accounts for more than 5% of my battery use, even on a heavy use day. I went from holding a two day charge to charging twice a day immediately after iOS 18. I noticed in Battery Heath that Photos was using 32% of my battery in the background which was alarming because I don’t use Photos in that capacity, and for the fact that I have background refresh disabled. My solution was to turn cellular data off for Photos entirely. (Settings > Apps> Photos > Cellular Data> toggle off) It’s been about a week and my battery is holding almost the same charge it did pre-update. I hope this helps!
Apple has essentially overhauled the utility app into their own version of social media, riddled with unnecessary AI and it’s working as such. Imagine it as uploading 5,000+ photos and videos to Instagram all at the same time. As long as you connect to WiFi periodically, your photo’s will continue to sync to iCloud. I don’t use the app much, but I can’t find any reason to have Photos running on cellular.
Side note: I do not connect my iPhone to WiFi on a regular basis. If you are constantly connected to WiFi, this fix likely won’t work for you as the app will continue to run in the background via WiFi and there is currently no way to disable this function (hence the issue).