Recovering lost photos from disabled iPhone

If you have iCloud Photos turned on, you can login to icloud.com and go to the Photos app there. The following Apple article has information about iCloud Photos: Set up and use iCloud Photos - Apple Support

If you didn't have iCloud Photos turned on but do have an iCloud backup, you can use the backup to restore the entire phone (not just the photos) or to setup a new iPhone from iCloud but you cannot otherwise view the contents of the backup. The following Apple article has information about backup: Restore your iPhone, iPad, or iPod touch from a backup - Apple Support

If the data wasn't already backed up, synced to the cloud, or stored elsewhere, it's gone.