How can I find my Apple ID using my phone number?

I bought a new iPhone, and I forgot my Apple ID/account (abcd@icloud.com). Is there any solution? I have important photos and notes on it, and it’s not connected to any other device. I only remember the phone number associated with the account — if there’s any authentication code that can be sent there to verify my identity, that would help. The problem is that the 'iForgot my Apple ID' link no longer exists on Apple’s website.

[Re-Titled by Moderator]