iCloud Photos- Backing up and transferring/ understanding photo systems on iPhone

Not really sure I understand the issue at hand. If iCloud is enabled on your device your photos will sync through iCloud to all connected devices. Your photos will appear in photos on the Mac shortly after taking each image.

you can otherwise connect to your Mac and use finder, or to your PC using the Apple devices app or iTunes to sync your photos.

see Sync photos between your Mac and iPhone, iPad, or iPod touch - Apple Support

Of course we want our photos backed up onto a hard drive and to do this I usually use preview app on Mac to do the arduous job of transferring them... you have to do it in small batches otherwise the transfer stalls. Dear Apple-it would be great to have a chip in the iPhone that stores photos on it so we don't have to this time consuming job.

Try using Image Capture (in the Applications Folder).

However, If you're syncing to iCloud then Image capture doesn't work. It's an either/or

One of my phones are blocked because I misunderstood the PIN whilst I put a new chip in on holiday and I lost all my photos this way.... there's always these new inventions assuming to make our life easier that screws with us.

With respect, you're misunderstanding your PIN is not a flaw in the technology.

How to have photos stored back onto my iPhone from iCloud retaining the original quality OR transfer from iCloud retaining the date created info.?

iCloud you've stolen my photos. I am so annoyed.

Make a choice: you're using iCloud or you're not. Whichever you decide then learn how to use it. Nobody has stolen your images.

what is HEIC, why are some JPG and others HEIC and then others are like IMG_Exxxx-whats E and what is XEGRSFRSEF kind of files? are they instagram or WhatsApp files? how to switch off a video footage of photos being taken, is there a way to turn off live automatically? Whats wrong with simplicity?

HEIC is a new format that preserves quality better than jpeg at smaller file sizes. When you see a name like 'XEGRSFRSEF' that's coming from WhatsApp or some other third party service. Turn off Live Photos. You only have to do it once. Nothing is wrong with simplicity but simplicity is relative. This is very powerful compact computer in your hand. It's as simple as possible, but that doesn't mean there is some learning involved.