iCloud data not showing on iPhone

My iPhone 15 (currently running iOS 17.0.2) was low on storage and I was trying to delete videos and pictures. Eventually, the screen went black with a wheel and my storage said I had less than 1gb left. I started to delete TikTok drafts and other apps, which helped a lot. More of my phone stopped working (text messages not loading, contacts gone) but my storage said it was now at 475gb out of 512. My photos number drastically dropped and then they started to reload and the number slowly increased and then the number eventually stopped changing. It looks like my iCloud Photos aren’t on my phone anymore. I logged out of my iCloud account so I could log back it. I’m finally logged back into iCloud but my contact names did not come back (so my messages and call log just have numbers) and my photos are not on my phone (I checked and they are on iCloud when I log in online). It also looks like I’ve lost recent notes.

does anyone know how to get these back on my phone without deleting the data that isn’t backed up to iCloud and just on my phone?

eta: I see a sync now option on my phone. Will that erase anything?

[Re-Titled by Moderator]