Hacked? The only way your Trusted Phone number can be removed is if you gave someone your Apple Account email and Password. That is not a hack when you inadvertently give away valuable information. Your Apple ID is likely gone without a way to get it back if you are unable to change the Password. Your only hope of changing the password is here:
How to use account recovery when you can’t reset your Apple Account password - Apple Support
If the Apple Account is still logged into your device, then you will not be able to remove it without the password. The only way to remove it is by providing proof of ownership documentation that includes the IMEI/Serial number on it and the device cannot be placed in Lost Mode. Not sure what proof of ownership you are referring to, but it is not going to be an email from Apple. In most cases it is the original purchase receipt from Apple or Authorized Apple Seller. Apple does not get involved in third party sales, so a receipt from any other source is not likely to be accepted. With the proper documentation you can request the Activation Lock removal here:
https://al-support.apple.com/#/additional-support