You should report this behavior to whomever manages the VoIP phone system at your work. In my experience there are several mechanisms by which calls are forwarded/routed from the original destination number (a VoIP landline) to a cellular number. This can result in all kinds of permutations depending on the VoIP system and cellular provider. I have seen what you are reporting, I have see calls that only sometimes have the original caller ID, and I have see all calls go to an iPhone's spam voicemail. I know this should work as expected, but it's evidently not so simple technologically. The one thing that is for sure is that it's not a problem with your iPhone and it's nothing that you can solve for yourself.
Good luck.