BioRich wrote:
First, it's going through a dock, which supports this. The Mac Mini M1 can support 4 displays, and has for years.
According to Apple, it supports "up to three displays." You can extend that to more displays, as you of course already know, via DisplayLink technology.
AI, which you seem to like and trust, says this about DisplayLink:
DisplayLink technology, which uses software-based compression over USB, often introduces noticeable latency (around 30-68ms or 3-4 frames) unsuitable for gaming or fast-paced video editing, though it is suitable for office work.
Performance Impact: Users report frame rates dropping to 30-40 Hz, especially when using multiple high-resolution displays ...
Alternative Connections: For tasks requiring low latency, use native GPU outputs (HDMI/DisplayPort) instead of USB-based graphics ... While optimized for productivity, the inherent lag is a limitation of the technology's reliance on compression.
In fact there are many online posts about DisplayLink latency and delays.
In your setup, I also see at least 4 mechanical external drives, APFS. APFS can be extremely slow on mechanical drives, this is well documented (CCC has a quantitative article about it). For applications like brief Time Machine incremental updates, the slowness is not noticeable but for intensive applications, that's another story. I don't know how your drives are set up to spin down, sleep, or never sleep but mechanical drives spinning up causes delays and "latency." Maybe off topic.
Also your Etrecheck report shows this:
Performance:
System Load: 3.10 (1 min ago) 2.50 (5 min ago) 2.06 (15 min ago)
Nominal I/O usage: 112.48 MB/s
File system: 6.72 seconds
Write speed: 1830 MB/s
Read speed: 2722 MB/s
Those write and read speeds look very slow to me. That might be worth investigating. You have an M4 Mac Mini, state of the art. For context, on my 2019 Macbook Pro (Intel) I get slightly more than 3000 MB/s both read and write. I have two external drives and am driving two displays with it.
This machine, which is generations later, isn't being strained at all. And since you're off on tangents, I'll repeat that the latency started with Tahoe.
I think your machine is being strained. That's why you posted, to ask about latency, which can be a sign of bottlenecks and strain. The Etrecheck report also says:
"Heavy I/O usage - Your system is under heavy I/O use. This will reduce your performance."
You asked, "why does this happen?" Since you have many moving parts (hardware, software ...) in your setup, it's hard to say. But there are some very simple things you can try without erasing and starting from scratch. The two which I would try are: (1) disconnect all but one external display and connect it directly to the Mac, then test to see if latency is gone; (2) disconnect all external drives and retest; if the latency is gone or improves, that's an important clue. If not, then it may come down to the more complex software combinations that are present, some of which appear to maybe still be utilizing system constructs that are incompatible with Tahoe and while they might have worked ok in earlier MacOS versions, they were unsupported so people depending on them in the past were just lucky.