Finder backup via symlink failed; iPhone storage full after attempted iphone backup

The symbolic link method, often recommended in Google Search results, has never worked in my experience. Apple does not provide an official process or article on this.

If you are running short of space, take the backup and then copy to another location and delete it from the default place.

Delete or copy backups on your Mac or PC

Don't edit, relocate, rename, or extract content from your backup files, because these actions might ruin the files. Use the following sections to make copies of your backups or delete backups that you no longer need.

Copy backups to another location

If you need copies of your backups, you can find the Backup folder and copy the entire folder (not just part of it) to another place, like an external drive or network-storage location.

When you use Time Machine, it automatically copies your Backup folder when you back up the Home folder on your Mac.

Delete backups

1. On a Mac with macOS Catalina 10.15 or later, open the Finder. On a Mac with macOS Mojave 10.14 or earlier, or on a PC, open iTunes. Click your device. 
2. In the Finder, under the General tab, click Manage Backups to see a list of your backups. From here, you can right-click on the backup that you want, then select Delete or Archive. In iTunes, choose Preferences, then click Devices. From here, you can right-click on the backup that you want, then choose Delete or Archive. Click OK when you're finished.
3. Click Delete Backup, then confirm.
4. 

If you still feel you need to process and try it out, it will be on your own risk...

You can but you need to be well versed with the Terminal app. If you mess up you may never be able to back up again even on your Mac/PC.

You will have to create a symbolic link of the backup. See the Step 3 process on --> https://www.imore.com/how-move-your-iphone-or-ipad-backups-external-hard-drive