There might be something about your user account or your Photos Library.
Test the Library: Export a few of the pictures that seem dark to some folder, maybe on your desktop. To see about the Library, try making a small test Library and drag those few pictures in it and see if they appear dark in this new Library. You can create a new Library by closing Photos and then option-clicking on the Photos icon. You get this Library Chooser window:

This Library won't be your System Library, so it won't connect to your iCloud Photos. In this case, you're creating a test Library, of course, but you can see here that I have a bunch of Libraries that I switch between. The path to the selected one is shown below the list, and they all stay in the Pictures folder. You can switch from one to the other by just going to the Pictures folder and double clicking on the one you want to use. Or you can pull up this "Library Chooser" to pick the Library you want. You'll want to go back to your System Library for normal activity, of course.
If the pictures behave normally, then we know the problem is with the Library. If the pictures are still dark, then you should test the User account.
To test your User account, you should first put your new Library where another user can get to it. You would need to temporarily move that Library out of your own user's Pictures folder up to the general "Users" folder, maybe making a new "Public" folder there. I seem to have named mine "New Folder of Pictures."

You could put some of the problem pictures there, too. Then you can make a new user in System Settings>Users and Groups. It's kind of fun to enter a brand new fresh user account! From there, you can double click on the Photos Library that you moved, and you can see if the pictures are dark for this new User. That will tell us if there is a problem with your own User account.
A little more complicated, but what do you think?