Are there any circumstances where Apple uses security questions anymore?

They can if you have an old account where you have not yet elected to change to two factor authentication. New accounts created over the past few years automatically use two factor.

Several years ago Apple transitioned to using two factor authentication instead of security questions. You can continue to use security questions if you already use them and they are working for you, but if you have problems then they no longer get direct support. You can try the directions in this support article https://support.apple.com/HT201485 but the article is labeled "archived" and may contain information that no longer applies. If the instructions work then fine; if they do not (e.g., you see “not enough information”*) then you will have no option but to change to the newer security method, if you can. Over the past few years Apple has been persistently encouraging users to switch to the newer two factor authentication security system. For those who have disregarded their encouraging, Apple will likely only help you to now change to two factor authentication, if even that is possible. Follow the instructions in the "Turn on two-factor authentication for your Apple ID" section in this support article --> https://support.apple.com/HT204915 to try to change to two factor authentication.

If you have two factor enabled now and have had it for at least two weeks then any old security questions no longer exist and no longer are an option. For people with old accounts that still have them available, Apple encourages you to switch. If you switch then you have the option for two weeks to revert. I don't know if the old questions come back or if you have to set new ones. I know that Apple's old way of doing security questions using a fixed set of questions meant that it was too easy for hackers to find the answers on social media. Security questions are not inherently insecure as long as you answer questions about your high school mascot with a nonsense answer that has nothing to do with your high school or its mascot.