recover apple ID with change trusted phone number

You can start the formal account recovery process through Apple Support Account Recovery on Safari or via the Apple Support app on a borrowed device, though losing access to both your trusted phone number and account email makes verification strictly dependent on Apple's multi-day security waiting period. 

I assume your new phone is using the same phone number as your lost one, so the 2FA code will be sent to your new device. If you don't have cellular activated on your new device yet, then set up your device as new at first and at the end of the set up process is where cellular activation occurs. Once that is done, you can sign into your account using that 2FA code or reset your device to restore from your previous phones backup that you will now be able to enter that 2FA code.

It is unclear what role the email has in your setup, since the 2FA code is not sent to an email. You can turn 2FA back off if within the 2 weeks of turning it on, and that would be done with the email that had previously been sent to you, but it should not be necessary.

If unable to gain access using this method, then you are off to Account Recovery with those steps provided in the link below. Don't worry about the reference to an email, it is not needed at all. The only thing that email tells you is how long your waiting period will be and you can still find the waiting period by waiting 72 hours and looking on the iforgot website as detailed in the Support Article.

What to expect during account recovery - Apple Support

You might be able to set up the iPhone without entering an account. I know I have old iPhones that still work in most regards but are not currently set up with an account. If you then have the same telephone number as the old iPhone you should be able to receive a verification code that way.

To do that you would need to do the first 4 steps outlined in this support article: Set up your iPhone or iPad - Apple Support

In future, make sure you have multiple ways to get a code including at additional phone numbers where you trust the owners. Read about those ways here --> Get a verification code and sign in with two-factor authentication - Apple Support Likewise, set up an account recovery contact --> Set up a recovery contact for your Apple Account - Apple Support

If in the end you find you can’t sign in or receive verification codes, you can request account recovery (get Apple’s own instructions in this article: If you forgot your password and can’t sign in to your Apple Account - Apple Support ) to regain access to your account. Account recovery might take a few days or longer, depending on the specific account information you can provide to verify your identity. One tip to using account recovery is to look for options in small blue letters beneath the normal log-in items if you cannot complete the requested information.

Also read this article about what to expect during account recovery —> What to expect during account recovery - Apple Support