Wow, curious I am about the original question. Then reading on about engineers, degrees or PHD's, whatever... I was sucked in to who's right or wrong and how they can prove it. The way some of you elaborate on, or justify why and how your correct as to the function of the two chargers in question is interesting. Honestly, I only read about half the thread, that's all I could handle. I just want to share my personal experience with the 5w charger vs the 10w charger on my old iPhone 4. Clearly the 10w charger does charge faster and generates some noticeable heat. The 5w charger does its job, taking longer. I charge my phone every night on a 5w charger, by noon the battery is down to 50% or less, by the time I get home from work, the phone is almost dead. This is when I reach for my 10w charger, knowing it will charge fast. From my personal experience, I think the 10w charger has shortened my batteries lifespan. The phone is over 2 years old and should be replaced anyway. Currently I now have a charger in nearly every room of my house. Personally I am waiting for the next phone to be released in a few months, once I have that, I'm going to stick with just the 5w charger. The iPad mini came with a 5w charger (not a 10w), the 10w is old, dated, discontinued, and bad for an iPhone. (My opinion).
I live on the west coast in the Silicon Valley (where Apple was founded), and I'm just a measly electrical contractor. All the formulas your rattling off about current, demand, resistance, Ohm's law - whatever, is interesting to hear from your doctorate or engineering perspective. The fact is, nobody cares. There was initially a simple question that needed a simple answer.
Apple wants us to continue emptying out our pockets for the next device, these things aren't designed to last for decades. Use whatever charger suits your needs, slow, fast, 10w, 5w, warm, not so warm. Who cares? Use it up to its full capability then throw it away and go buy a new one. That's what I do.
The 3ph 240v questions what's his name was asking about - I'd be happy to answer, and have questions for him. Otherwise, hope sharing my experience helped someone somewhere.
Cheers