This worked for me, try General>Reset>Reset Network Settings. Then reboot your iPhone. Then launch the Mail app and see if there's a problem with the password to one or more of the email accounts you've added to the Mail app. If the Mail app tells you it doesn't accept one of your passwords, add the password again. If that doesn't work then read on...
Like others, my problem was the iPhone Mail app. Unlike some posters above, I didn't delete all my mail accounts from the Mail app, I couldn't face doing that with 5 email accounts. But after doing a Network reset, turning off Ping, and after closing all apps that were running, the Mail app told me that one of my accounts had the wrong password (which was incorrect, because it had been working fine until this point). So I added the correct mail password for the 'offending' account, and so far there have been no problems with my battery.
btw, my battery drained astonishingly fast today. Today was the first time I'd left home with a full battery and come home from work with an unusable iPhone with a dead battery. Since the fix above, it's full and no problems.
My guess is that the Mail app had spent the whole day trying to access the mail account it had registered with the wrong password. This constant access must have run down the battery.
If the first paragraph doesn't fix your problem, then follow the steps in the second paragraph.
I hope this helps. In any case, over 60,000 views and over 150 replies to this problem in the last few days.... Clearly Apple dropped the ball. I expect better testing on updates, frankly.