I am experiencing the same "connected to wireless network, but no Internet connection" phenomena that is making its rounds on 10.7.3 Mac book pro laptops. Have not seen it occur in other hardware/software configs to date.
Spoke to AppleCare regarding this issue... No real resolution other than what has already been discussed here. I have tried:
-Resetting PRAM and SMC.
-Resetting the Network Location and service order.
-Deleting Library/System Configuration/ *.network.plist* (per Applecare).
-Removing *.alf.plist (firewall prefs).
-Deleting all Keychain network passwords.
-Repairing Keychain.
-Checked signal to noise ratio (from System Information) is -74 dBm / - 83 dBm) is excellent.
-Starting up from Recovery Disk exhibits the same behavior.... Nothing has worked so far.
Interesting notes:
-The same MacBookPro (Intel Core2Duo) will connect without issue to any network not using encryption (WEP/WAP/WAP2 network password).
-Will connect to any 802.11G network as expected.
-Will connect starting up from another OS (ie. external Leopard and Snow Leopard installs).
-Same hardware configuration using 10.7.2 works just fine.
The only setting that has provided any sort of workaround (for me) is to set the wifi network adapter to a manual IP, subnet, router, and DNS. It disables other wireless DHCP configs, but works for the wireless (using all Apple Extreme APs) 802.11N extended networks we are using at work.
Applecare recommended I take the machine into Apple to allow them to run a more intense hardware test than available using AHT on system disks.... Apparently takes about 2 days to complete the tests and there are still no loaners available from Apple..... OK!