Hi,
I had the same issue (I think) and my problem is solved with some help of Microsoft forums.
First check wether contacts and notes do sync.
If this is the case, the problem is most likely caused by a bad recurring event / appointment in Outlook.
I found the (or my) solution on the next two forums:
http://social.technet.microsoft.com/Forums/en/outlook/thread/3cf216ed-3f0d-47f3- 8043-d2d0de4c824c
and
http://social.technet.microsoft.com/Forums/en-US/exchangesvrclients/thread/fd080 c25-f975-466c-81e5-5506e009601f
Read especially the post of Thomas_Moody and the post of NDerrick321 on the first link and further the post of rowethers on the second link.
At first I followed the recommendations of Thomas_Moody and deleted all custom yearly repeating events in Outlook. This didn't solve my problem.
Then, I activated the iTunes Outlook add-in in Outlook, as NDerrick321 recommended. That didn't help either, but it can't do any harm I think.
Then, after reading the post of roweathers (and others) I was convinced that the problem is caused by a bad recurring event in the Outlook calendar.
In my case most of the recurring events (appointments) were in the past, so I could easily delete the old ones in Outlook. After syncing again no results yet.
Next, I deleted (in Outlook) the recurring events which are actual one by one and replaced them by new ones (I entered them again).
After syncing again iTunes showed messages of double entries which might conflict. Syncing was completed and my problem is solved. Until now I have no problems anymore.
Greetings,
Frank