I'm absolutely sure ( the change of sync op on mail is only for settings on a one time sync with the option set below on the Info page) that mail had anything to do with this. When you did the sync afterwards and bearing in mind it is a two way operation, it finishes by updating Safari Safe Browsing data.
I would suggest the following:
Set up a 'new' SuperUser (Administrator) account on your mac. Next step would seem to be to isolate the existing itunes installation data and files from any further diagnostic and troubleshooting process. Either a corruption within the library locations, or, and I am beginning to suspect it is global, I.E. A corruption within the shared program files could be the possible cause. first step is to isolate current iTunes installs, then - if that fails - returning all your Apple ipad related software to factory condition on your mac, followed by clean updates and reinstalls on all connected equipment.
On a windows machine this would include files found in the iTunes, iPod, Apple, and Apple Computer, Apple Software Update (possibly) and most likely Safari, folders within root folders such as C:\Programs, Programs\Common Files, and Program Data.
- As an afterthought and because I am a little bit unsure to your exact setup, unistalling bonjour and reinstalling would also be something worth doing. Since this is apple's networking support package for various functions). Safari should also be uninstalled at this stage. See suggestion below pertaining to reinstallation.
Reboot after the uninstalls to clean up any system locked files and kernel mode drivers. (note on windows a second reboot is also necessary to rewrite new registry user and machine hives, because they cache the last write back for "Last known good' configurations when a machine fails to start correctly). You should also check to ensure any program root folders for each uninstall do not leave any files behind after the clean-up - sometimes they do.
After the uninstalls, run a proprietery Rootkit, Virus and Malware scanner to ensure your system is clean (or as clean as you can at this point). Pay particular attention to any third party software or material you have recently downloaded prior to the problem occuring.
Then try the new user approach to isolate installations from anything previous related to your current setup with iunes and your ipad - though uninstalling iTunes, bonjour, Application support, Safari (elect to keep personal data if prompted - this may be useful later) Uninstall in the current user account, set up and reinstall in the new user account.
Libraries (data only, ie Movies, Music, etc - not apps or recent photos) can be reimported afterwards when you finally get a working configuration up and running. Download new installation files for each, since install routines usually look for installation files on your machine first, which as a mac user you will certainly have, if they have come as preinstalled software.''
You are making progress - its fair to say based on what you have done so far that it's not your pad, or your iOS but, I suspect, something is being refreshed within sync against your existing Itunes and Mac user account. Since you kept icloud off, your Mac file system seems to be the most likely candidate. Safari has affected (or been affected) by something in some way, though whether it is localised to only Safari or has changed some code elsewhere is difficult to say without a full diagnostic debug on the whole of the sync process following reinstallation of iOS. Considering the mass of code involved this is not really feasible).
i still have at the back of my mind that the problem may actually have been caused by something on your Mac initially, that then synced accross - such as Bookmarks or possibly embedded in a photo etc.
Whatever you do, whilst troubleshooting, try not to overlook ensuring no existing info is resynced to the new set-up - such as Mac stored safari Bookmarks, downloaded photo's, music, etc that did not come from Apple.
Both iOS 5.1 and 5.1.1 dealt with security issues pertaining to specially crafted code injections from links within certain web pages. It is quite possible that whatever has caused your problem. may well be still present on your Mac.
Best Regards, Ct