Same problem for me. Apple replaced my phone today, iphone 5. Problems still there, called Verzion, support ran all kinds of tests, re-provisioned my phone etc. He tried to call me twice, and if didn't ring. He said it shows my phone is not evne on the network when it's not ringing - it's like it's powered off (which it clearly isn't)
I was told to go get a new sim card. I did, called from the store, it worked, got in my truck and my wife called me three time..... On her end it rings 3 or 4 times and to voicemail. We tried from her cell which is AT&T and my office landline at home.
Went back in, guy offered to swap my phone out again and a new sim. What's the point? Both the sim and phone were less than 3 hours old.
I notice this mostly if my phone is in my pocket, coat pocket, jeans pocket etc. Had verzion for almost 1 year with NO issues until this. I'm on the latest build of iOs 7. What a nightmare of a problem to have. Unless its some junk call - No one leaves voicemails really anymore, so I guess I'll have to live with not knowing what calls I'm missing.