First, I need to make a correction in my first post: I have an Early 2008 15" MBP (not a Late 2008).
After trying the troubleshooting steps listed in my first post, I tried this KEXT solution by Rys Sommerfeldt, which is actually a solution for WiFi problems being caused by OS X Lion. It worked solidly for a few months, and then without warning my WiFi started having problems again (possibly after an Apple software update). Reinstalling the KEXT file did not permanently eliminate the WiFi problems, but some of you may want to try this solution to see if it works for you.
I upgraded to OS X Mavericks, but my WiFi problems continued.
I took my MBP to The Mac Store (different from the Apple Store) for repair. They tried replacing the Airport card, but it still wouldn't connect to their network. They now recommend sending it to Apple Repair for flat-rate service, costing $421.58 (this may include some Mac Store fees that I've already paid). Since the service cost is a flat rate, Apple will theoretically do whatever it takes to fix the problem no matter which parts need to be replaced.
I'm debating whether or not it's worth it to spend $422 fixing a 5-year-old MBP. Anybody have any experience with Apple's flat-rate service? Anyone have any new solutions (besides all of the router setting changes, forgetting preferred networks, etc. which haven't worked for me)?? Has anyone had any success taking their machine directly to the Apple Store?