I had been having a similar problem on Lion with Safari pdf files despite downloading the latest Adobe Reader XI.
I would constantly get the same messages - There was an error opening this document. The file is damaged and could not be repaired. And I would get a blank page when I tried to print the pdf if I tried printing from the Safari web page using File - Print from the top toolbar on my laptop.
Then I came across the grey Safari lozenge with action icons.
This allowed me, without downloading the pdf, to print the pdf file direct from the Safari page by using the Print icon on the grey lozenge that appears centrally three quarters down the screen.
Then I discovered that if I save the pdf using the Save icon from this same grey lozenge on the Safari page I can open and print this pdf version from my desktop.
I've tested it with a couple of different pdf files and these methods work using the grey lozenge icons but the same pdfs files don't work using File - Save As on the Tool Bar.