Ok, so I've had this problem a couple of times on my MacBook alu 13" late 2008 (not pro), OS X 10.8.4, FileVault enabled, swap disabled.
When I woke the machine from hibernation I got the UI artifacts described in this post. Tried all the normal stuff like rebuilding caches (Onyx), fixing permissions, installing combo update. Nothing worked. First time I got it I ended up just reinstalling the OS (it was time anyway after uprading it from 10.5 through to 10.8).
This time I resolved to fix it.
Follwing the instructions in this post I performed the following activities with a reboot after every step. None of them fixed the problem.
1. Disable FileVault and reboot to single mode (Cmd+s)
2. Enable swap (boot to single user mode and launch the dynamic pager agent)
3. Fix permissions (Disk Util) and delete system and user cahces in Onyx
4. Delete com.apple.systemuiserver.plist from ~/Library/Prefrences and ~/Library/Prefrences/ByHost
Finnaly I downloaded the 10.8.4 Combo update and installed it. Whent the machine came back up all my menu items where back! 😀
I am absolutley certain that I tried to install the Combo update the others times I met this problem without it having anny effect.
Anyway, there it is. All is well that ends well and hope this helps somone. Lets just hope apple fixed the root cause 🙂