I want to thank this community for helping me (temporarily) solve this issue.
I installed Windows 8 to the Boot Camp partition on my iMac this weekend. After the first login, I was intermittently unable to login to my account because the password form field was not recognizing input (but it did recognize the caps lock key!).
There were three pieces of feedback that I took from this thread:
- Change the keyboard layout under languages (one person used US International)
- Activate the guest account so you can login should any issues arise
- Hold shift and click "restart" to launch Windows into safe mode
Once I was no longer able to access my account, I launched Windows into safe mode and did a system refresh. Unfortunately, this removed all of my applications from the system, but it did keep all of my files and allowed me to login to my user account.
Upon login, I reinstalled the Apple Boot Camp drivers. Next, I opened the Languages applet in Control Panel and noticed that there was something labeled as "unrecognized". At that point, I added a keyboard layout (US, but I suspect it can be any Windows-based layout) and removed all other keyboard formats.
Lastly, I created the Guest account.
Windows 8 worked great for me all day yesterday, and I was able to log in and out with no problems.
Later in the day, after being tired of not having access to my function keys (volume, brightness, etc.), I changed the keyboard layout to US (Apple). BIG MISTAKE! After logging out and logging back in this morning, I was once again unable to login to my account!
Fortunately, because the guest account was active, I was able to get into the system. After going back to the login screen using "switch user", I could log back into my regular account. I changed the keyboard back to "US", removed "Apple (US)", and restarted my machine. Once again, I was able to login to the system just fine.
Thus, I suspect there is an issue with Windows 8 recognizing the Apple keyboard layouts, which is causing users to be unable to login to Windows after the Apple drivers are installed. Using a Windows-based keyboard layout until Apple releases proper Boot Camp drivers should circumvent the issue for the time being.
Edit: Credit to Benjamin Howe, Star-1, and kjmathew upthread for their troubleshooting advice that, in tandem, helped me resolve this issue.