Had the same problem, we were sync'ing over wifi and occasionally cable. From the couple of replies here I've got it to stop happening and it appears to sorted.
For me:
The error was happening over wifi or cable on 3 iPhones & 1 iPad since recent iTunes/IOS6 updates regardless....
In iTunes - no other devices were showing as connected.
In this example I plugged my iPhone by USB cable into the PC - error occurs straight away.
(Note: this particular iPhone I never used the sync over wifi option as it syncs with a different profile for contacts etc)
I set the iPhone in Airplane mode (suggested in one of the other Users replies don't think its necessary considering the next step I have, but why not..).
I Disabled the Network adapter in Windows Control Panel to ensure the definitely nothing esle is connected to iTunes.
Plugged the iPhone in via USB - worked straight off no errors, the previous backup displayed in iTunes for the iPhone in question was 29 September, now shows today. (:>
I suspect that even though the other iPhones/iPad weren't showing as connected in itunes that they were in some respect connected and interferring with what was going on.
I know this doesn't actually fix the problem, just a work around really. I did do this though without any need to wipe phones or existing backups which most people would consider risky especially as you're in the situation of not being able to backup your device.
Don't forget to re-enable you network card afterwards. (;>