THIS ENDED UP BEING THE PROBLEM!
After tons of frustration and time being spent on this, this ended up being the issue. My logic board had been replaced by Apple a few months back, and they forgot to flash over the seriel number to the new logic board.
Recap of my issues:
- Could use iCloud for Photostream, Apple ID for iTunes
- Could not use same Apple ID for iMessage/Facetime... Error displayed: Check your network connection (while connected over Ethernet)
- iMessage was working properly on the same Apple ID on my iPhone and iPad
- Running OS X 10.8.4
Here's how you can check if this is the source of the problem for you:
- Click on the Apple at the upper left of the screen
- Click on "About this Mac"
- Click "More Info"
- Take a look at the "Serial Number"
After the repair, my serial number was "SerialNumber#"... clearly not a serial number, or the one that's written in my computer.
The solution? Just bring it into your local Apple Store Genius Bar
Just tell them that you need your serial number flashed over to the logic board. They'll confirm this by repeating the same steps above. Then they connect your computer over to one of their diagnostic ones via Ethernet. In 2 min, you'll be all set with a properly flashed logic board, and you iMessage/FaceTime will work just fine.