Had the same problem on a 2009 MBP running 10.8.2, trying to do a first TM backup of data totalling 450Gb. After the first 10 hours, I needed to pause the backup to transport the computer home. Then I restarted the backup, and it would run for 4-5 hours backing up an ever increasing number of files. Each time it ran, when I returned to the computer, my user account was logged out -- must be a Time Machine setting? And every time I logged back in to check progress, Time Machine reported that the backup was incomplete. Repeated this 5 times with no success. The size of these "remaining" files started at 110Mb or so, but it was 20,000+ files. The backup got to 90% complete, but with 10,000 files remaining, and it started to grow: the remaining files increased, and the data kept growing, up to 3, 5, 7, 10Gb. Never seemed like it would finish. Ultimately, the size of the TM backup grew to over 100Gb larger than the 450Gb that I was trying to backup.
So I started excluding items from the backup list using the Options setting in Time Machine. The first files I excluded were my two Parallels virtual machines, one Windows XP and one Windows 7 vm, which totalled about 150Gb together. That did it; the backup completed the next time I came back, and the back up size was around 300Gb, which is about right. This last successful backup took about 5 hours, and it logged me out on its own again.
Note: in the middle of these repetitive attempts to complete the backup, I booted the computer from the Mac OS CD, ran disk utility to repair permissions and verify/repair. No problems were found.
This doesn't actually make sense to me, as I hadn't used these vm's in a while, so they weren't changing in the middle of the TM backup attempts. Might be a coincidence, but I recommend excluding some large folders or items from the TM list, and seeing if you can isolate the problem that way. As long as you don't exclude System or User Settings files, if this works, then you just copy the missing files manually.
Good luck...
P.S. Thanks to Darkside Escapee for clueing me into this. BTW, I was not using Time Capsule, I was just using a 2Tb external drive that was configured as a TM volume.