I have this same issue on my iMac after an upgrade. My girlfriend's iMac (same model) was unaffected. So the problem seems to affect random machines of all ages and types. I have a solution but not a fun one.
I've read *a lot* of forums on this kernel_task problem with people spouting quite a lot of rubbish.
I first tried everything listed on forums: reinstalling OS X, removing kexts (that apparently stop your computer from overheating), new RAM, tidying up the computer. None of it worked.
One guy said he took three trips to the Apple Store, having his MBP sent off each time; eventually they gave him a brand new MBP of the latest spec. That might be the option for you but I didn't want to be without my computer for that time.
Finally, I did a complete wipe of my Mac. If you boot using the backup partition, or using a USB with an OS X Install on it, the option to 'reinstall' or 'install a new OS X' does not wipe your computer. Once it has finished, you will have all your files and applications still. This did not fix my computer. Instead, you must use Disk Utility first to wipe you Macintosh HD partition and then install. Then you Mac acts like it's brand new. Only this fixed the problem. The massive downside is that I had to backup everything and reinstall all my apps.
This is a drastic measure, and you run the risk of forgetting to backup all the stuff you want. It did work though and was ultimately quicker than going to the Apple Store (even if I might have got a new computer out of it).
In summary, to fix this problem:
1. I backed up all my files onto an external hard drive!
2. I booted up to the recovery screen (Command + R or hold the option key at bootup)
2. In Disk Utility, I 'erased' my 'Macintosh HD' partition
4. Back on the main recovery screen, I chose to (Re)install OS X.
Drastic. But it worked.