You are not alone, I'm finding LOTS of people with this issue immediately after updating 10.8.5, myself included. My system will not fully turn the card on to allow a connection. Booted from an older system backup, wifi works as usual.
I've tried repairing permissions, ran cleaning and cache clearing utilities, zapped PRAM, reset SMC, hard reset both router and Macbook, re-installing Mountain Lion, and pretty much every other recommended fix, with no luck.
I've seen a suggestion on another thread, somebody had luck installing 10.8.5 combo. That's next on my list to try (will try without airport update, thx for the tip), in another two hours once the 830Mb file downloads. If that doesn't work, I'm back to 10.8.4, as that's the only consistently working fix I've found in my two (wasted) days of googling and desperately trying things to get my wifi back.