I'd like to chime in and hope it may help a few of you. It sounds like some of the issue are very similar to what I've been experienince since my Mavericks upgrade. I have not been able to connect to any of the external volumes on some of the specific XP systems running in our office. Some work fine and some work for a second or two and then I get permissions revoked.
Today, I decided to take the exteral volumes off of the USB bus and install internally into the PCs. That didn't work either. Then I noticed one interesting fact...
All of the hard drives that I could successfully connect to were formatted as NTFS. All of the hard drives that did not work properly were FAT32. So I tested some things....
I took one of the 2TB hard drives and moved all of the data to a safe clean drive. I then reformatted the 2TB hard drive as NTFS and moved the data back. Voila! It works now. It works internally or externally as a USB drive.
So the culprit, in my case, is the file structure and format of the drive. It seems Mavericks does not play well with FAT32 or FAT formatted drives on XP machines. Ironically, these FAT32 drives worked fine with Mavericks and Win7, but XP and FAT - NO WAY!
So I'm happy now, hopefully it may help some of you. I would be interested to know if reformatting to NTFS solves any of the problems you all are experiencing.
-Marc