Hi agl74, I can help you fix that problem.
Your problem is most likely due to the Exchange server not be configured to properly handle a lot of EWS traffic.
Exchange has many methods of communications, RPC, RPC/HTTPS, EWS, OWA, IMAP, POP3, SMTP, etc. Mac Mail and Outlook for Mac use EWS. EWS was supposed to replace RPC/HTTPS but Microsoft hasn't done a great job with optimizing it yet. So, instead of optimizing the code, they went backwards and created a "Thottling" policy to effectively stop Mac Mail and other apps that use EWS from overloading the Exchange server with too many requests.
If you can't email me, here's basically what you need to do on the Exchange server. I'm pretty sure this will solve you problems.
1) Disable EWS Throttling
2) Adjust the MaxAllowedContnetLength on the EWS server
3) Adjust the MacRequestLength on the EWS server
4) Adjust the executionTimeout on the EWS server
5) Change the Connectin Timeout of the IIS server
I've helped a few people on here so far. Though, keep in mind that Mail is still broken in 10.9.1 and Apple is actively working on a fix. How "broken" depends on what version of Exchange and how your Exchange server is configured.
<Email Edited By Host>