Hi,
I had the same problem after upgrading to Mavericks. Two symptoms: (1) some access points with WPA2 did not accept my password, (2) some public hotspots like Xfinity's network did not want to connect (had the exclamation point symbol). Removing the .plist files as explained before did not solve the problem. Going into Recovery mode and fix permissions also did not help.
I called support and with them on the phone I did:
(1) SMC reset (Shift + Control + Option + Power) and then
(2) Did PRAM reset (Command, Option, P, and R + Power, you will hear two starup chimes)
(3) went into the wireless adaptor, removed all the profiles and removed the adaptor itself from the list (System preferences -> Network, the list on the left where it shows Bluetooth and thunderbolt as well).
(4) Verified that nothing has left behind in the Keychain access (Under "System", category "Password" and there are no "Airport network password" keys on the list).
(5) Restarted my mac
(6) Added the Wifi adaptor (System preferences -> Network, clicking on the "+" sign and add "Wi-Fi")
(7) Tried to login again.
So far I tried to access my access point at home which did not work prior to this cleanup and now it works. I could not verify the other public hotspots yet; I'll do that after I am in an area where those exists but this might help others that suffers from the same problem. Let me know if it works for you guys.
Gil.