Okay, I believe I found a fix to this issue that has been driving me nuts too. I tried the plist tactics (and a couple other more in-depth things to no avail), but decided to keep this simple. With 10.9, where has apple done the tinkering? Well, in Finder, we now have tabs (which I thought would be great, but they don't do what I need, such as always opening in a set of tabs should I desire that) ... and they did all these supposedly earth-shattering wonders with TAGS. So I figured this column issue needed to be resolved where they "fixed" what wasn't broke in the first place. Try this:
If you're like me, your LIST VIEW is likely name, date, size, kind and what we want is the date column over to the name column by default like it used to be and which is something even windows users enjoy, but it keeps zapping out to interstellar space or even disappearing from view. SO: to the right of your RIGHT-MOST column, add TAGS (right click on the column headings, select TAGS) even though you will never use it, but what it will do is force the ancillary columns leftward closer to the NAME column. Now size you window to how you more or less usually would view it; now size the columns so they are nice. Right-click to VIEW OPTIONS, and make it default. Of course it won't because Apple has never got the hang of that word default when it comes to finder, but it will make it default of that folder. So if you repeat this strategy for your main folders of use, the problem will more or less be solved. (NOTE: If it doesn't work to perfection, you can add yet an additional column -- I did Comments -- to the right of Tags -- and this will force enough crap on the far so right that your view to the right of NAME remains sane. This is not, in my opinion an acceptable fix from the standpoint of what used to be Mac awesomeness, but ... it works.)
(Side note: Has anyone noticed what a real sheisse-show this Mavericks is? Nothing drastic, but lots of little buggy appearances on the scene ... like keyboard defaults that don't stick upon restart or the inability to space off of an embedded image in mail. Oh, let's not start with mail ... All things I can live with, but all extra steps! All things I have helped my windows clients with for years and now these annoyances are really creeping into the mac os. Oh well.)