I had the same problem as the OP. Email was getting duplicated (or worse) in Outlook 2011 which started with the installation of OS X Mavericks. I checked all settings in Outlook and could find nothing wrong. Rebuilt the database in Outlook -- didn't help. Ran lots of system and disk utilitiy programs -- no dice.
Then, I started remembering that I'd had a similar problem when I started using iCloud. We were getting duplicates of contacts, events, email, etc. So, I headed to the the "Internet Accounts" control panel. Sure enough, there was a checkmark for "Mail" in the iCloud account. I unchecked it. There was also a checkmark for "Mail" in my POP account; I left that one alone.
(I don't know whether I had that iCloud "Mail" checked before the installation of Mavericks or not. I wonder whether the Mavericks installation turned it on, similar to how the IOS updates keep turning Bluethooth back on...)
I made this change over four hours ago, and - so far - I have not had any duplicate (or worse) email whatsoever in Outlook. They were coming in non-stop. So, for me, this seems to have fixed my problem. If things go haywire once again, I will post here and say so.
I'm guessing Mavericks uses iCloud to synchronize accounts in some fashion. Once again, I wish iCloud was more like Dropbox. Somehow the logic of the iCloud sync seems non-logical to me.