As I've mentioned before this has nothing to do with Mavericks, but is simply a bug in how ARD 3.7.x handles IP addresses and DNS names. In particular it "remembers" old IPs for machines even when that IP has been reassigned to a different machine.
This can be clearly seen in the com.apple.RemoteDesktop.plist file found in
~/Library/Containers/com.apple.RemoteDesktop/Data/Library/Preferences
If you open this file in a text editor and search for hostnames or networkaddress you'll very quickly come to see the problem. Keeping an array of every past IP used by the machine or every DNS name each of those IPs resolves to will quickly fail in any environment with short DHCP lease times. In fact, the shorter the DHCP lease times, the more quickly your ARD will become useless.
In my case, deleting the file or deleting the computers is not an option. I have over 3200 computers in my ARD in carefully curated groups, lists and smartlists.
That said I have a found a workaround.
Quit ARD
Open terminal and enter killall cfprefsd just to make sure all prefs are flushed
Open the above com.apple.RemoteDesktop.plist file in a text editor, I used TextWrangler
We're going to do 5 find and replace all operations:
find: networkAddress replace: ignorenetworkAddress
find: networkAddresses replace: ignorenetworkAddresses
find: primaryIdentfier replace: ignoreprimaryIdentfier
find: hostname replace: ignorehostname
find: hostnames replace: ignorehostnames
By doing this, you're essentially making ARD "forget" all this cached detail about the machines because it won't be able to find the normal keys that contain this information. But that's ok, once the ARD scanner sees the machines it'll refresh the records with the current info.
Since I've been doing this regularly to keep my lists clean, I've not had any problem