Hello, I recently had lots of problems trying to download the latest podcasts and found that there appears to be another step that one has to do to download and sync podcasts. The best way to describe it is by a screen print(s). I tried several things to try and get around the problem including deleted the podcast and re-downloading, as well as multiple iPod Touch shutdowns and restarts. No luck, until I stumbled across this process.
Once the podcast has been downloaded or GOTTEN/GET in iTunes, I have found you need to right click on the three dots beside the podcast to ensure it is copied to the device, ie,

... and then specifically to add to the device you want to (I didn't have to do this before),

Once I did this, the podcasts magically appeared on my iPod Touch. I don't recall having to do this before (explicitly selecting each podcast).
Hopes this helps others who are having difficulty syncing or transferring podcasts.
dkh