Just thought I would chime in on this. I was having this issue on my iPad (3rd generation with LTE) on 8.0.1 and my 2010 MacBook Pro with Yosemite : I couldn't send or receive messages to/from anybody that I know had iPhones and were using iMessage (wife, family, friends, etc.). But, I could ALWAYS send and receive messages to/from them using my iPhone without issue (across all versions of iOS 7 and 8).
My set up is that I have my phone number as the ID from which to start conversations and in addition I have my same Apple ID linked to all three devices. I've tried all the suggestions of logging out of iCloud, logging back in, etc. (with FaceTime, iMessage, etc) but nothing has seemed to help. This has been the case across multiple updates as well.
But now, all of a sudden, it seems my situation has improved slightly as I seem to now have contact specific issues on the iPad or Mac. For example on my iPad, I can send/receive messages to/from my wife but when I try to send a message to other friends, they're still showing as red when trying to start a new conversation, a "Not Sent" or whatever error when I try sending a message as part of an existing conversation or it tries to send as a text message (green "SEND" text). The other weird thing is, for these contacts the conversation gets updated with (blue iMessage) messages that are sent/received from the iPhone (and it's not continuity as I've isolated the devices on separate networks or they're on cellular with bluetooth off). As if the record of the conversation on the iCloud can be seen by these devices and updated but the ability to send is blocked. This is frustrating. But at least I can process messages from the person I exchange them with the most so that's a small relief.