I am also running into this issue trying to install Windows 7 on a 13" Macbook Pro late-2011 running Yosemite 10.10.4. I have a bootable USB drive that was made with BootCamp from a Windows 7 ISO file. From this ISO file I opened Bootcamp Assistant, checked all three boxes, selected my Windows partition and allowed BCA to run. It rebooted into the same error message: "No Bootable Device" etc.
I have edited the Info.plist file in BCA to allow it to create and use USB drives for bootcamp. I have also installed rEFInd, (version 0.8.7 I believe) because the OS X native bootloader would not detect my Windows installer USB drive. rEFInd does detect the drive but boots into the same error message. No solutions proposed in other threads have been successful.
I am aware that there is a potential solution using programs like VMWare Fusion to mess with virtual machines, but given this SHOULD work natively I would prefer not to. I am also aware that others have had success with Mavericks, and Yosemite is a particularly tricky issue. And yes, I am also aware that my particular macbook model (MacBookPro8,1 or whatever) resists this kind of bootcamp installation on a level that the user supposedly cannot edit. I would like to find a way around this. I have no optical drive (removed it for SSD like other users) nor a Windows installer DVD, and would like to install Windows 7 using the resources I currently have at hand. What can I do?