I also found a reference to this solution:
Whenever you perform a backup from your iPad to your hard drive using iTunes, iTunes actually makes an INCREMENTAL BACKUP instead of a FULL BACKUP. What this means is that it only backs up the files which have changed since the last backup. So... if your last backup has gone corrupt in some way, then your new backup might not be successful.
So the solution is to get rid of the old backup altogether, and then perform a brand new FULL BACKUP from scratch.
To do this, go into iTunes, Preferences, Devices, click on your iPad, and check the date & time of your last successful backup. You can then either:
a) delete that backup right there from the Preferences screen, or
b) if you'd like to make a backup of the backup first, you can go into the Finder at Home>Library>Application Support>MobileSync>Backup, and find the folder that has the exact same date & time. Move that folder out onto your desktop.
Now, you'll need to quit & relaunch iTunes. After iTunes relaunches, choose your iPad in iTunes, and it should say that it has never been backed up to this computer before. From there, you can click on the Backup button, and you should be set.