Hey Badger,
No worries about the issue I had. I really appreciate all your help. I ended up just taking it to an apple service place since it was still covered by apple care. Despite the fact I've voided the warranty in at least 10 different hardware-related ways, it looks like they will be replacing the motherboard for nothing more than a 30 dollar service fee!
Anyway, as for you issue:
A 2011 MBP should be able to boot regardless of the battery, as long as it's plugged in to power. I guess I'm not certain, but I vaguely remember booting a 2010 MBP with the battery completely removed. Although the black screens may have initially been caused by a power/battery issue, I'm not inclined to assume that they're ongoing occurrence is power related.
Can you hear the hard drive kick on at all when you boot? I assume yes. But does it shut off when you get black screens? I'm not suggesting that the power cable to the HD is failing, but in my experience, older MBP's usually make little "writing/reading" noises if their actually doing something. Try paying attention to the HD sounds before and after the black screen and let me know if you notice a difference. We need to find out if the problem is related to important internal hardware, or just some faulty cheap internal display cable.
If the drive is operating regularly and you're still getting black screens, then your internal display cable or GPU is probably going bad. If it's the display cable, you're in luck obviously. But if it's the GPU... that *****! Mid-10 to 2011 MBP's have a known GPU issue. In fact they were "recalled" without customer notification. Or.. "owner notification", w/e. You essentially had to have already had the problem and sought help in order to get a free replacement (whether you had apple care or not). If you're able to boot into safe mode or from a disk you may be able to find crash reports. If you see a "GPU Panic" report anywhere, you're screwed. And by screwed I mean, even if you do get the macbook to boot naturally with its own drive, files, and respective OS partitions, you'll never be able to run photoshop, imovie, or Left4dead2 (😝) ever again for more than a matter of minutes, and you will have to run GFX card status to disable your discrete graphics and force your integrated card at all times.
When you hold option at boot, what happens? You're able to select which partition to boot from? Do you have a backup? The first things I do when I come across weird situations like this are:
1. Get another MBP, take the HDD out, plug it into the MBP that's having issues, try to boot.
2. Take the HDD out of the Macbook Pro that's having the issue and try to boot from the drive with another MBP. You can also use an iMac or mac desktop. In fact, you should be able to use really any mac computer. You can also boot from your drive externally if you have a dock.
2. Remove one of the sticks of ram and try to boot normally.
3. Put the stick you removed back in, remove the other stick, and try to boot normally.
4. Run Apple Hardware Diagnostics via disk or flash drive.
5. Unplug all easily-unpluggable motherboard, hard drive, display, power, sensor, and optical drive cables from the inside of the MBP and plug them back in, then try to boot normally.
6. Does your model have a CD drive? If you have a sata to microsata converter you can try booting from the drive via your optical drive's sata, rather than your Macintosh HD sata.
I know you probably don't think the issue is related to the hard drive, but if you can manage to boot safely from the drive on another unit, you will have definitely narrowed down the cause of the problem.
Let me know if any of this helps!