I use a late 2014 iMac Retina 5K 27" with OS X El Capitan version 10.11.3 installed and my WD 3TB USB 3 portable hard drive plugged into a USB port on the back of my Mac. . I've been intermittently receiving the dreaded "disc not ejected properly" error messages after which my WD 3TB My Book disappears from my desktop and Time Machine (which uses the WD for backups) cannot find the WD either. Having read all of the posts in this string and have tried several of the suggested fixes, the only thing that works for me is the following combination:
First, power everything down. Remove the power and USB cables from the portable hard drive (and also remove the power cable from the mains). Reboot the MAC and and wait until the OS is fully loaded. Then plug the power cable into the the hard drive and then the mains and switch on using the power button. Wait a few seconds while hard drive does it's internal checks (the power light may flash to show completion of checks). Now plug the USB cable into the hard drive and then into the Mac (this combination also seems to work if I plug into a USB mains powered hub that I have). After a second or two the my hard drive appears back on my desktop (and reappears in Time Machine which does an immediate backup).
After many years using Windows I switched to a maxed-out Mac expecting/hoping for high performance, reliability and good support. Thus far I am not impressed with having to go through the above 'ritual' just to get access to my data and backups! I believe this to possibly be an El Capitan issue and think it's deplorable that when there are so many forums on the 'net' mentioning this problem, Apple haven't either openly admitted the problem exists and said they're working on a fix, or resolved the issue IF they are capable of doing so.
Good luck, I hope this helps.