Windows 10 Bootcamp dual boot problem after El Capitan upgrade

Your GPT4 entry does not match the table that I posted. GPT4 start/size should be 236054528/254179321 but you have 236054176/254179674.

If the Fdisk output matches the GPT output, then you will need Windows Startup Repair.

In step 8 of the first set of Gdisk steps, you need to use the + sign before the size value.

You need to use the following steps. If you see any error messages during the following steps, please stop and post back here with the error message. The following steps have values from your Testdisk output (and you can verify) in Steps 7 and 8. Please notice the'+' sign in step 8 (this is called offset notation). The text in parentheses is for informational purpose to describe the action being taken. Gdisk has one-character commands except when entering numbers.

Rebuild GPT4 using start/end offsets

1. Sudo gdisk /dev/rdisk0
2. P (print the full list of parts)
3. D (delete)
4. 4 (part 4)
5. N (new part)
6. 4 (part 4)
7. 236054528 ( - Start offset in sectors or the start point for Bootcamp part)
8. +254179321 ( - Size offset, as opposed to End offset)
9. 0700 (Windows part type)
10. P (print list of all parts just to see what changes will be made)
11. W (Write the new GPT)
12. Y (Yes! really write the new GPT)

This will delete and re-write the GPT partition info for /dev/disk0s4.

Rebuild MBR to match the new GPT information thus resetting the Hybrid MBR. Use defaults for other questions (like partition codes). The only values that need modifications are the Boot flags and step 10. Accept all other defaults that Gdisk offers. Please see thesample Q&A as an example. These steps can be repeated if you make a mistake before you get to Step 12, otherwise start from Step 1 for these steps. Step 6 has numbers which are typed with a space between the numbers. Please see the sample Q&A before you execute these steps.

1. Sudo gdisk /dev/rdisk0
2. P (Print list of parts)
3. R (Recover)
4. O (print current Hybrid MBR)
5. H (chooses Hybrid)
6. Partitions numbers to be hybridized: 2 3 4
7. Y (Good for GRUB question)
8. N (part 2 boot flag)
9. N (part 3 boot flag)
10. Y (part 4 boot flag make NTFS bootable partition)
11. O (print current Hybrid MBR)
12. W (Write the new MBR)
13. Y (Yes! write the new MBR)
14. Reboot

Here is sample Q&A for this section. Please notice the Press Enter/Return.

Place EFI GPT (0xEE) partition first in MBR (good for GRUB)? (Y/N): Y

Creating entry for GPT partition #2 (MBR partition #2)

Enter an MBR hex code (default AF): Press Enter/Return

Set the bootable flag? (Y/N): N

Creating entry for GPT partition #3 (MBR partition #3)

Enter an MBR hex code (default AB): Press Enter/Return

Set the bootable flag? (Y/N): N

Creating entry for GPT partition #4 (MBR partition #4)

Enter an MBR hex code (default 07): Press Enter/Return

Set the bootable flag? (Y/N): Y

Test 1 - Does Bootcamp Volume show up in Finder?

Test 2 - Can you see files in Bootcamp Volume?

Test 3 - Can you select Bootcamp in System Preferences -> Startup Disk?

Test 4 - If Test 3 is successful, select Bootcamp and Click Restart.

The empty space is small, and is used for sector alignment. It is not an issue.You will need to Windows Repair to correct the BCD error.

You should create a Windows 10 installer using BC Assistant, and run the Repair by booting from the Installer.

There may be failures in starting System Recovery. Can you get to command prompt in Advanced Recovery?

There is a command line utility called sfc

https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/kb/929833

https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/bb491008.aspx

You can run it and see if it can fix any corrupted or missing files. Did you also run chkdsk?