What I've done since I posted last: I took my computer to the local Apple Store and had the geniuses take a look. Of the four that looked, not one had an answer.
I also know for a fact that this issue is not limited to my computer, since after a quick test on multiple floor models, I discovered that the problem seems to exist on the Core 2 Duo laptops, both MacBook and MacBook Pro's. I did not see an issue with the Mac Pro (using 30-inch Apple Cinema display) or on either of the two Core 2 Duo iMacs that I looked at (not sure what size.
Yes, we all do know that Photoshop is not Universal, however, that does NOT explain what Pages 2 (Apple's very own Universal Program) has this problem. Note: I created the gradient as a fill in Pages, I did not just place a jpeg.
So... since the Genius Bar had no answers (though they tried quite hard), I spent about 3 hours on the phone with Apple Technical Support on Saturday. After working my way through the layers, it was eventually tested in Apple's lab, and it should be noted that the issue was seen by several of the product specialists I talked to.
I was told that the issue has been sent to the engineering level, and that I should be receiving a response in about 5 business days. We'll see how that goes.
As a final note, Zebra1, I definitely don't doubt your background in the area, but its not just an issue with my computer or specifically Photoshop. Granted, I have not color synced my screen with anything... But a $3,000 (I got the RAM) MacBook Pro should NOT display gradients worse than a 4.5 year old $1,000 iBook that was never synced in its life.
-Scott