The bug only happens with some of my projects,
Does it happen in a new Aperture Library for you as well?
I tested with a brand-new Aperture 3.6 library, created for testing. I imported three JPEGs.
I edited them with the Straighten Tool, then added an "Auto" Curves adjustment.
When straightening them I tilted the horizon to the left. As soon as I added the Curves adjustment, the horizon in the thumbnail tilted to the right.
So the bug is probably not, that the Curves disable the straightening, the Curves modify the straightening angle. I suspect a programming error with uninitialized values or array indices out of bounds, as the results are so random.
And the effect changes over time.
After adjusting more photos in the same way, the results changed.
Now the tilt is still slightly off, but at least in the same directions for all photos - it is random and not easy to reproducible.