What is user A's OS and device?
User A is an external user, so I do not know what their devices and versions are. The symptom occurs from multiple external sources, though. These are different organizations, possibly similar platforms, but not likely. Besides that, it's not likely to be relevant in this case, because it's not until the email and its attachments are forwarded that the problem arises. If user B (our internal user, the original recipient) goes into his Outlook client, he has no problem opening all 8 attachments in the original email. I only include "user A" as part of the sequence of events, I do not consider anything about user A's activity to be part of the problem for reasons that I mention here.
Did user B validate they could see and open the 8 attachments?
I don't know if user B checked to see if he could open the attachments before he forwarded them, but it's not likely. The next day, after I was showed the symptom, I personally logged into the account in an Outlook profile and had no problem opening all 8 of them. I also forwarded them from that Outlook profile to a number of email addresses, both internal and external, and no issues.
What is user C's OS and device?
In this case, user C was an Outlook 2016 client. I proved later, however, that user C's client/device didn't matter, by showing the when forwarding the email from the iPhone, and BEFORE SENDING, I scrolled down to the bottom of the email, and where it should have shown 8 attachments, there was only one.
I am confused about user D and the iPhone Gmail account
This part really is irrelevant, I admit that, because again, the issue is at the sending device. I have proven (at least with this one particular email) that when it is opened on at least two different iphones, using different accounts (different sending servers, organizations, etc.) that when I attempted to forward the email, it didn't contain the original content.
They're somewhat less happy that I found this thread and can blame it on Apple and not something I can fix
Given that this symptom started for me right about the time that this thread started, and I can't find anything else about this symptom anywhere, I think there is enough evidence here to think there may be more to this than just document type. If someone here can prove that it ONLY happens with PDFs, then by all means, I'm happy to concede. My own efforts in troubleshooting in the matter have shown that it can happen with both Word and PDF documents.