Hi Michael,
I have / had a similar with my thunderbolt - ethernet cable.
At home I plugged the thunderbolt dongle into the macbook air of my wife to check and everything worked perfect.
After this I plugged it into my own rMBP and I was suddenly connected again over ethernet. Clueless as to what happened but it is still working. However at my last week finished project (at sub-contractor) my ethernet connection was still zero. 2 weeks ago, I plugged in on a different location (conference room) and still nothing. The next day I overheard the sub-contractor whining that the ethernet connection in the conference room was not working anymore....
At home it is a simple router set up with ethernet sockets. At subcontractor it is/was a full fletched network switch setup.
I have posted a similar question to yours a few weeks ago and got some helpful support / replies which may work for you (Internet fail over Ethernet (second attempt for response))
I am not longer at the work address where I had my main problem (no ethernet and no wifi available). So I have to wait till I am somewhere else with a ethernet connection challenge. At least you have wifi, I had to set-up a 3G mobile router to get by with a trickle feed to internet.